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use stocks of selected REEs by specific application or industry (in gigagrams)

(Du and Graedel, 2011).

-

3. Distribution of REEs by End Use in 2008 (U.S. DOI/USGS, 2010)

End Use

Percentage

Metallurgical applications and alloys

29%

Electronics

18%

Chemical catalysts

14%

Rare earth phosphors for computer monitors, lighting, radar, televisions, and X

-ray-

intensifying

film

12%

Automotive catalytic converters

9%

Glass polishing and ceramics

6%

Permanent magnets

5%

Petroleum refining catalysts

4%

Other

3%

REE Global Economic Supply and Demand

From the 1960s until the 1980s, the United States was the world leader in REO production. In fact, in

1984, the Mountain Pass Mine in California supplied 100 percent of U.S. demand and 33 percent of the

world’s demand for rare earths. In the late 1970s, China started increasing production of REEs, 

, rapidly became the world’s dominant producer. 

Active mining operations at

Mountain Pass Mine were suspended in 2002. Since 2007, separation of REE from stockpiles at the site

has continued. As REE production in the U.S. has declined, China has becom

e the world’s leading

producer of REEs and is currently responsible for more than 95 percent of global production.

Rare Earth Elements Review

Section 2 –

Introduction to Rare Earth Elements

2-8

Figure 2

-

4. Global

production of rare earth oxides

(Du and Graedel, 2011).

Annual global production of REEs totaled about 124,000 tons in 2008, according to a recent report by the

U.S. Congressional Research Service (Humphries, 2010). According to this same report, analysis of the

future supply and demand for each of the REEs indicates that, by 2014, global demand could exceed

200,000 tons p

er year, which would exceed current production by over 75,000 tons per year. Additional

analysis by others indicates the high likelihood of shortages of neodymium, dysprosium, terbium, and

praseodymium and the potential for shortages of lanthanum, yttrium, and, europium by 2014 (Schuler et

al., 2011). This information, combined with the data shown in Figure 2-3, indicates that the uses most

likely to be impacted by future shortages are magnets for use in computers, audio systems, wind turbines,

and automobi

les; motors/generators; batteries; metallurgy; and catalysts. The critical nature of these uses

is driving the push for increased mining, expanded recycling and research into alternatives, and changes

in U.S. and international policy.

In 2008, the United States consumed 7,410 metric tons of REEs (U.S. DOI/USGS, 2010). Currently, this

demand is met mainly through imports from China, industry inventories, and stockpiles. However, as

early as 2012, U.S. production may be resumed at the Mountain Pass Mine, whic

h is projecting

production of 18,000 tons in 2012 and up to 40,000 tons per year in following years. The status and

critical issues facing this mine, as well as other potential U.S. mines, are presented in

Table 2

-4

. It is

reported that if the new mines under development are able to meet their projected production levels,

world

-wide demand for REEs will be met from these new sources (Long, 2011)
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